The Fault In Our Stars The Heroic Irony free essay sample

With author John Green and his best seller novel, The Fault In Our Stars, he invokes a different kind of response in his readers. Instead of expecting to read a novel about the horror Ross of cancer and the medical treatments many of its victims are subjected to, Green surprises his readers with a starched love story between two witty teenagers with an early death certifier cater. One of the fascinating themes about Greens novel is the juxtaposition of the heroic roles in The Fault In Our Stars between those with cancer and those without, who a re trying to provide assistance for the cancer patients.Although most believe that those burden d with a serious illness are unable to save themselves without the help Of someone, such as a doctor, or a higher ewer, Green shows that in actuality, sometimes the sick are the heroes who help give strength to those of the healthy and even provide help for themselves through the emote Anal experience of being loved, falling in love, and grieving fo r a lost loved one. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fault In Our Stars The Heroic Irony or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To those who are ill, they are constantly told to fight the good fight, where ho pee was clung to;.. . Ears were shed; comfort proffered ( Green 1 1) by those who just didnt get it (11) Murderous 2 like Patrick, the leader of the Support Group. Green exemplifies Patrick as a la Kingstown with his story about having testicular cancer, living at his parents home without an friends and leading a group in the churchs basement. Patrick tells the group to rely on Go d and spews countless battle metaphors. Like many Patrick in the world, they tend to place e focus on a higher power, telling the sick that God will come to their rescue and the afterlife is a better alternative than where they are currently.It is almost as cancer patients are always a hamster .. . A fatal flaw (19) to the human race and needs to be quarantined and passed over to a higher being. They are a side effect of (3) mankind and their perceived savior is the lord. It is this vitrified mix of disappointment and (20) pity that Green dispels from h is novel. By providing an inside view of a cancer patient, Green shows that they are MO re than just a side effect. Certainly, they are of a doomed breed that technology and medicine AR e there to help but, sometimes they dont need saving from outside forces.Their mental anguish, which is sometimes overlooked, is what ought to be saved and in the case of Hazel an d Augustus, they are able to save each other. For example, the romance between Hazel Grace and Augustus Waters unshackled them from a potential life of loneliness and forgetfulness. In Haze Xis efforts, she has shown Augustus a second chance of being loved and falling in love. Unlike his last girlfriend, whos attitude toward him changed completely, Hazel [was] different She [w as] funny without being mean (312) and loved deeply.She gave Augustus the chance to leave a mark (311) on her life. Likewise, Augustus bought them a minute That [might] buy them an hour (59) by making himself Hazels knight in shining armor. He spends his last and only W sis on Hazel in order to fulfill her dreams of meeting her favorite author and was there for h re when she had a Murderous 3 Eden trip to the hospital. Together, they had their little infinity (260) in the numbered days they were given and thats not nothing (59).When it comes to pain, some may find it is necessary for growth, especially when the form of torment one goes through is because of the loss of a loved one. In light term ms, the existence of death is the one agony that human beings like to try to pretend doesnt exist, and that it isnt an eventual outcome for all creatures on Earth. According to Green, there will co me a time when there are no human beings remaining to remember that anyone ever existed 12) but it doesnt necessarily mean the eventual process of dying should occupy the expanse of someones life.In the dynamics of Hazel and her parents relationship, Hazel fears that the pros pests of her dying might as well be the end to her parents lives because she believes she is the c enter of her parents world and if she is gone, then what happens to her parents? Will they be able to pick themselves back up and move on with their lives, finding something else to center their w oral around? Her concern lays in the possible aftermath of her death. In spite of her fears, how veers, Hazel is informed by her mother revealing her parents involvement in providing hell p to families trying to cope with cancer.In this moment, the worry and anguish Hazel placed pup n herself is lifted because there would be more to her parents life than Hazels cancer story ( 32); even if she herself isnt saving the day, Green reveals that even a cynical, vaguely heroic b Ewing needs saving. Furthermore, following behind the tragedy of their love affair, Hazel managed to ease some of the harmonic terror (262) that Augustus brought with it. During hi s funeral, she had changed her eulogy into something more generic but heartfelt instead of sin the one she had written previously. Why did Hazel decide to change her eulogy instead of tells Eng everyone about Murderous 4 their love story? She came to an understanding that grief does not change you u Ltd reveals (286) the crushing sense of running out of time because she came to the realization n that funerals Are for the living (273) and that it served as a reminder to everyone of what t hey have lost and of how much time is left for them. They remind themselves that even though thesauruss parents and family memberships lost a dearly loved one, theres still a long lie fee filled with reheat and terrible moments that [they] cannot even imagine yet (272).

Free Essays on The Truth Of Tradition

In the short story "The Lottery" by Shirley Jackson, the author uses irony to expand on a theme of traditions that continue although they are ludicrous and barbaric. The characters are honoring a tradition that is handed down to them from former generations. The reader is led through the seemingly normal and quaint little village, and is taken on a ride of ironic horror as he or she slowly grasps the eventual fate of one inhabitant of the village. Shirley Jackson also uses symbolism to make us aware of the pointless nature of humanity regarding tradition and violence. The title "The Lottery" implies a contest with a winner of some kind, like a sweepstakes. When in reality, the â€Å"Lottery† is not about what is won but what is lost. The mood of the story at first seems almost festive. Then in small, but telling glimpses we are told that the men are smiling rather than laughing at the jokes, and the conversation among the bystanders turns to murmurs as the town official, Mr. Summers arrived in the square, carrying the "black box." Then the good-natured folk keep their distance and Mr. Summers must ask for help. There seemed to be a resigned air among the citizens. The narrator recounts a partial history of rituals involving the black box, complete with rumors of chants, recitals, stances, dim memories of the way the lottery used to be conducted. The reminiscing serves as a reminder to the villagers of the way things are and the way they have always been. The sheer weight of generations of villagers following the lottery tradition is felt. The mood of the people shifts from friendliness, to false boasting, to relief and finally nervous release as they fulfill the obligation of stoning the victim. The village, by all appearances, seems to be a normal and ordinary place with its inhabitants meeting in a square with festival like intentions. Children are playing, men are talking about the rain and taxes, and the women are chatting am... Free Essays on The Truth Of Tradition Free Essays on The Truth Of Tradition In the short story "The Lottery" by Shirley Jackson, the author uses irony to expand on a theme of traditions that continue although they are ludicrous and barbaric. The characters are honoring a tradition that is handed down to them from former generations. The reader is led through the seemingly normal and quaint little village, and is taken on a ride of ironic horror as he or she slowly grasps the eventual fate of one inhabitant of the village. Shirley Jackson also uses symbolism to make us aware of the pointless nature of humanity regarding tradition and violence. The title "The Lottery" implies a contest with a winner of some kind, like a sweepstakes. When in reality, the â€Å"Lottery† is not about what is won but what is lost. The mood of the story at first seems almost festive. Then in small, but telling glimpses we are told that the men are smiling rather than laughing at the jokes, and the conversation among the bystanders turns to murmurs as the town official, Mr. Summers arrived in the square, carrying the "black box." Then the good-natured folk keep their distance and Mr. Summers must ask for help. There seemed to be a resigned air among the citizens. The narrator recounts a partial history of rituals involving the black box, complete with rumors of chants, recitals, stances, dim memories of the way the lottery used to be conducted. The reminiscing serves as a reminder to the villagers of the way things are and the way they have always been. The sheer weight of generations of villagers following the lottery tradition is felt. The mood of the people shifts from friendliness, to false boasting, to relief and finally nervous release as they fulfill the obligation of stoning the victim. The village, by all appearances, seems to be a normal and ordinary place with its inhabitants meeting in a square with festival like intentions. Children are playing, men are talking about the rain and taxes, and the women are chatting am...

Applicability of Visualization and RFID Technology -myassignmenthelp

The work scenario is that in my organization different individuals and units perform several functions independently. Each work station is served with a computer and one server. The company is to provide each workstation with integrative linkage to facilitate communication.  Ã‚   The information technology infrastructure provides a chance of using a multiple different service system. The Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags network system helps to come up with different service systems. Huang et.al (2014, p.497) defines RFID as a technology using radio waves in identifying of signals, and virtualization as a technical architecture that links different resources into one single environment. Both visualization and RFID technologies are important. The visualization system is useful because it reduces physical readers and operational costs when using information technology systems. The RFID is useful in business in tracking and identification of network infrastructures signals. The virtualization of RFID tag network system is useful in business because it provides social infrastructure like the internet. Example is the global internet network architecture that uses RFID visualized tag network system (Huang et.al. 2014, p.490). The use of RFID visualized tag network system purpose is to allow multiple service systems users to share the same infrastructure. Technologies in the world are creating are virtual networks or systems are compatible to devices and RFID tag network system (Al-Kassab et.al. 2014, p.420). Visualization is used to create virtual network address in combination with RFID infrastructure which is used to create service center location. Al-Kassab et.al (2014, p.495) explains further that business use service engines to obtained information and creating social network systems with the aid of the two technologies. Al-Kassab, J., Quertani, Z and Neely, A 2014, visualization and support management decisions models, Journal of information technology & decision making, 13 (02), pp. 407-428 Huang, W., Ding, C., Wang,S., Jing, X and Zhang, Z 2014, RFID indoor visualization positioning data, International conference systems and informatics, (pp.497-504), IEEE.

Read the Description Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Read the Description - Research Paper Example Brady, Martz and Associates implemented DS4.1 control objective when established various satellite offices as subsidiary to the main office. The regional offices provided a disaster recovery and contingency plans for the organization that lost a larger percentage of its imperative data. Moreover, relating employees to data management including backing files for payroll was authoritative in attainment of continuity framework (Phelan & Hayes, 2003, p. 57). DS4.2 control objectives aims at minimizing a potential IT disruption occurrence such as data damage experienced by Brady, Martz and Associates. Storage of major files in company hard disks was crucial in reducing the disaster effects. Besides, timely and effective communication with various organizations employees assisted in disaster preparedness and initiation of data recovery process as the employees could easily retrieve their stored information. Though the company managed to keep prioritized information relating to employees’ payroll and taxation data within hard disks and amongst other employees, it was not sufficient. Consequently, they partly practiced the DS4.3 control objectives by failing to back up all the primary information relating to employees. The company did not practice DS4.4 control objectives adequately as their IT maintenance standards remained below amicable contingency levels. The company should initiate recovery changes and communicate such plans with employees adequately to enable expeditious recovery. Regular testing of implemented IT governance plans is imperative in attainment of proper recovery plans. Therefore, the company effectively implemented DS4.5 control objectives by monitoring and reviewing the backup files stored by employees. Nonetheless, the company lacked an effective and abrupt recovery plan as evident from the enormous data lost during the recovery. Brady, Martz and Associates firm failed to implement

Visual analysis paper Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Visual analysis paper - Coursework Example Rococo or late Baroque style later came in the 18th century and impacted on art’s sculpture, painting, decoration and interior design. Giotto di Bondone’s â€Å"Madonna Enthroned† created in 1300 by an Italy using the Rococo technique and Garofalos "Madonna and Child in Glory" created in 1935 in Pinacoteca Capitolina are two distinct but closely related masterworks whose exploration can be quite enthralling. This paper shall candidly and comprehensively analyze the two artworks with the predominant aim of determining how similar or different they are in terms of style and the thematic implications or the messages that the artists envisioned to deliver to the audience. Giotto’s â€Å"Madonna Enthroned†, drawn on tempera on panel, patently indicates that the art was painted by an iconic painter, probably cultured and trained in Greek but working in Italy or for a western promoter. This can be derived from the way the artist blends byzantine with western elements in the entire masterpiece. The folds of the cloths are defined by a byzantine concord and the image’s composition is modeled on the Hodegetria, the virgin, who points at the child to show that he is the way, the truth and the light. Additionally, the son, Jesus, gives the Western signs of blessings. The halos on the side of the child are decorated with floral patterns that are popular in Italy. Moreover, the image has a 3-D view, particularly in the virgin’s thrown, to indicate western influence. The artist intentionally uses a virgin with archangels’ majestic regalia and red shoes in the elaborate throne to accentuate Mary’s role as the crowned hea d of Heaven. In the artwork, the golden background connotes the heavenly kingdom implying that the artist knew quite well how gold was treasured in the then community due to its economic value and its imperative role in determining one’s social and economic status. At

Invictus and The Alchemist Response Essay Example for Free

Invictus and The Alchemist Response Essay The poem Invictus written by William Ernest Henley is a poem written about courage in the face of death and holding on to ones own dignity despite the indignities life places before us. In the first stanza the poems speaker prays in the dark to whatever gods may be a prayer of thanks for his unconquerable soul. Several things are apparent from the outset: First, the speaker is in some sort of metaphorical darkness, perhaps the darkness of despair. Second, he does not pray for strength, but gives thanks for the strength that he already has. Third, he seems rather flippant about who he is or is not praying to; it is almost a prayer to himself at this point, but not quite. Henley also bring this up in the second stanza where he talks about Gods will or even fate; instead he speaks of the fell clutch of circumstance and insists that he has overcome these bravely and without complaint.The third stanza is about death and what a trifle it seems to the speaker of the poem. This place of wrath and tears, this life, it seems, is not full enough of pain and horror to frighten the poems speaker. And death, the Horror of the shade, could not possibly worry him, being an end to wrath and tears. Notice here that he is not concerned in any way about an afterlife. Death is merely an end to suffering for our speaker. Nothing of any concern seems to lie beyond for him until. This poem is an inspiration to it readers depending on the way you read it. This poem like mentioned before has been written for those suffering from an incurable disease or just going thru a tough time in their life, to give that person some hope and strength. I Can relate to this poem because growing up i’ve been threw lots of illnesses it all started when i was diagnosed with Meningococcal Meningitis when i was just a baby. Than at the age of 16 i was diagnosed with Hereditary Breast Cancer. Going thru this i felt so alone and like my life hit a point of no return i lost hope and faith. I felt helpless and i also felt bad for my family making them so worried about me. Nevertheless i have not let this bring me down or think twice about anything that i set my mind to do. I have enlisted in the Marines and hoping to leave to boot camp in september. Going threw everything i’ve been threw in my life has definitely taught me that everything in life comes in threes , but at the end of the day if you fall down seven times you must get up eight , because you cant let life struggles get in the way of your Personal legend. This Poem is also related to the Alchemist. Santiago hits a point in his journey where he feel’s like he’s losing himself .The alchemist prepares to move on with Santiago to the pyramids, but Santiago complains that he doesn’t want to leave Fatima. The alchemist says Fatima understands that Santiago needs to complete his Personal Legend. at this point Santiago gets frustrated with the alchemist because he doesnt want to leave fatima behind. Another point where santiago loses faith in his journey is towards the end where He feels frustrated that the alchemist didn’t teach him anything, but the alchemist says Santiago should have learned through actions. Santiago asks him why he is an alchemist, and the alchemist explains he learned the practice from his grandfather, when alchemy was simpler. He says men complicated alchemy by writing books about it. Previously, alchemists only needed the Emerald Tablet. Santiago asks what the tablet says, and the alchemist replies that one can’t understand it through reason since it provides a passage to the Soul of the World. The alchemist encourages Santiago to immerse himself in the desert and listen to his heart so he can also gain an understanding of the Soul of the World but at the end of the book santiago continues his journey and finds his treasure than makes his way back to fatima. This relates to the poem because it talks about where a person’s life goes threw so many obstacles but at the end still overcomes those hard times.

Operating System Architecture :: Computers Technology Technological papers

Operating System Architecture By gaining control of computers, computer viruses, worms, trojans, software bugs, and bad people can create extraordinary damage by shutting down infrastructure, using online banking to steal money, or using robots to attack people. Our civilization is increasingly depended on computers for survival. Therefore, a fully secure operating system is essential for the society. Below is the architecture by which maximum security against viruses and other threats can be achieved. Operating system and the rest of the software should be modular. Each small module performs a function and may take parameters. For example, a web browser uses an HTML renderer to display a webpage. In turn, the HTML renderer uses a jpg-renderer to display jpg images. An e-mail program might use the same HTML renderer. The rich collection of functions (with application program interfaces) makes writing programs much easier, greatly reduces the need to write the same functionality many times, and allows the same program to work on different computers. Modularity is also essential for stability and internal security of a complex program--failure of some modules to work properly should affect only the functions the modules perform and (usually) should not cause the program to crash or become unnecessarily insecure. Moreover, proper multi-tasking (see below) ensures that a delay in a non-essential module does not excessively delay the program. While the code for a function is loaded once into the memory, multiple executions can occur simultaneously. Functions remain in memory until the memory (RAM) is about to run out; when that happens, functions least likely to be called are unloaded or put into the swap space. Each process has a set of rights and priorities. The rights include the type of resources the process can access such as what devices (speakers, networks, etc.) and files the process can access and at what permission level. For example, a process may be allowed to modify only a certain region of the monitor. A process can be denied access to a file, given a read-only access, allowed to read and append, or allowed read-write access. Ideally, each process is given just enough rights to perform all of the functions it should perform. The priorities are specified for limited resources such as the amount of memory, processing time, bandwidth, and disk space. The priorities are determined based on the importance of each process. The process managers allocate scarce resources based on the priorities.

Independence Day: India Essay

Good Morning! Respected chief guest our principal, teachers and my dear friends we have assembled here to celebrate the 65th anniversary of our Independence Day. As a citizen of India, I am so proud to talk to you about, my mother land. On the night of August 14, 1947, Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru rose to make a maiden speech in New Delhi, â€Å"When the world sleeps, India will wake to life and freedom.† And now, this day 15th August of every year is a golden day engraved in the history of the world. We got freedom on this date and it is a day worth a celebration.. On this day our first thoughts go to the architect of this freedom, the Father of our Nation, Mahatma Gandhi. It was he who emphasized the need to observe human values in conducting the affairs of the country. He taught us Ahimsa and Non-violence We shall never allow that torch of his values to be blown out, however high the wind or stormy the tempest. Our next thoughts must be of the unknown volunteers and soldiers of freedom who, without praise or reward, have served India even unto death. We regard these martyrs who laid their precious lives for our sake.. And now 65 years later, we stand here today, and so much has changed. India is the largest democratic country in the world. But are we very successful in using our freedom in the right manner? If so, why are there so many bomb blasts, bribery cases, corruption charges? We have strayed from the Gandhian philosophy and his path of development. Well my dear friends, what can a student do at this juncture? Should we go and catch the terrorists? Should we fight against the corrupted politicians? No, we are not expected to do all these things. We will have our own day. Before that, let us do our duty of preparing ourselves to be well-educated citizens of tomorrow. Let us do our duty sincerely and study hard to achieve a goal.. Let us get rid of illiteracy and take India to a bright future. We are citizens of a great country on the verge of bold advance, and we have to live up to that high standard. On 15 august 1947, new hope came into being, a vision long cherished materialized. May the star never set and that hope never be betrayed! Jai Hind !

Dubliners & stories Essay

James Joyce’s book, â€Å"Dubliners† offers a variety of stories about the city of Dublin. James wrote the collection of short fifteen stories where each story adds to the wonderful completion of the book. Each story was so different from the previous and it was very interesting to read various tales that took place in Dublin where each of the stories were kept interested and ready to read the next short story about a great love for the country and you could easily see the disappointment the writer held for some of the country people and the way they lived. I found myself glued to the pages while reading most of the stories and I would be eager to get to the next short story, and occasionally the next wasn’t quite as good, but I continued in my reading and I was never fully disappointed. Some of the stories were better than others, but as a whole, I would have to say that the book, â€Å"Dublin† was well worth the extra time I spent reading it, and I would recommend that others read the book, as well. Reading Joyce’s book is a wonderful way of learning about the country of Dublin and viewing how people live in the country. It was interesting to tour the country using a mental image that guided me along with Joyce’s words. Joyce used impressive and descriptive words to describe the surroundings in Dublin, such as â€Å"glow of a late autumn sunset† which gave me a feeling of serenity and full color description. Joyce used the color gold more than once in her writing, which I assumed was a color that she closely associated with the country of Dublin. In one of Joyce’s short stories, I found it very interesting when she told about Gallaher, from the title, â€Å"A Little Cloud† and told about the man returning from London and she had a way of clearly describing the man as dirty and dear. Gallaher brought interesting light to the short stories because he was able to bring in a different perspective of Dublin, because he wasn’t one that resided in the country. Joyce, in my opinion, possessed a love and hate relationship with Dublin. The author would tell stories of the country which left you feeling as if you never wanted to go there, but would then he would leave you feeling as if you had a deep respect for the country and the people who lived there. In the short story, â€Å"The Dead† Joyce talks about a marriage that was all wrong and failed because the relationship was full of deception and lies. The secrets destroyed the marriage, but at the same time, I liked and appreciated how the author was still able to show the love that was in the failing relationship. Joyce was able to teach me that it’s okay to still love someone, even though there are problems. I was able to see that you can still love someone, even though they are not perfect. The story made me think of unconditional love. In some of the stories, the author was able to come across strongly when she told about alcoholism and how it effected the lives of those who lived in Dublin. I was also able to feel sorry for the poor residents. It was sad how some of the Dublin citizens tried to escape the country only to end up in prison. It took some of the hope away that you had previously wished for and left a stagnant impression of Dublin. In the story, â€Å"Mother†, I found that it was depression that was the main theme of and I found it to be, less than entertaining. It was interesting to see how the author was able to move the story from ones youth to that of an adult. The author brought the words of the stories with anger at times and then gentleness with others. Joyce was able to display both good and bad emotions, from love to hate, and from depression to hope. The young characters in the story made me want to reach out to them. They seemed to be starving for affection and looked so helplessly for a means to escape from the country of Dublin. It was sad to see that hope diminish with the turning of the pages and watch as the young characters grew up to be defeated in their possibilities of escaping. The author spoke with an artistic ability with the words he chose for the story. He spoke in rhythm and it was easy to follow his writing. He had a remarkable way of describing the characters in his short stories and a means to help me closely identify with the characters. â€Å"His eyes burned with anguish and anger† was a line at the end of one story that was more frightening than entertaining. The author spoke bluntly about what he was saying I could clearly see the rage in the eyes of the person. The character, Farrington is such an angry individual in the story â€Å"Counterparts† and you can sense a hatred in his character. You had to wonder if Dublin brought out the worst in everybody. Dublin is a country that I see as oppressed through the authors writing and I don’t feel that I’d enjoy visiting the country, in fear that some of the anger and depression may rub off on me. I sense too much struggle in the daily lives of Dubliners, some which manage to survive with some hope and other characters that I just saw no hope for their eventual happiness. Joyce seemed cold and agitated in his writing when he talked about Dublin as if he had some type of hate for the country. But, in the end you have to ask yourself if he really did hate the place as much as he tried to make you believe he did. His writing was extremely creative and interesting and I’m happy that I read each of the short stories because I did learn so much the people who lived in Dublin. Their lives seemed so dull and full of despair which reminded be how fortunate I am to be able to live in a great country like The United States of America. The author very successful at opening up my imagination and I felt like I was in Dublin with the characters. I would have like to been capable of intervening for many of the characters, which is why I feel that â€Å"Dubliner† was a book that made me feel and react with several emotions. â€Å"Dubliners† by James Joyce is a story that I will always remember, but not with fondness. I will never forget the characters or the country of Dublin. I didn’t realize how old the book truly was, and I found it very impressive to read about the stories of Dublin in the early years. Joyce, James, 1914, â€Å"Dubliners† Penguin Group

A basic study of pricing to market The WritePass Journal

A basic study of pricing to market Introduction A basic study of pricing to market IntroductionDefinition and theories about PTMEmpirical evidence of PTMConclusion:ReferenceRelated Introduction Exchange rate is always changing, which can cause different relative price of traded goods among countries. However, when firms adopt PTM (pricing to market), price of trading goods does not change with the exchange rate, That may result in deviation from purchasing power parity theory. Many aspect of economy such as consumption, welfare distribution will change according to this behavior. This paper tries to illustrate the meaning and the effect of PTM with some theory and empirical evidence. Definition and theories about PTM Pricing to market(PTM) is a new definition emerged in mid-1980s.During that period ,US dollar has experienced a strong appreciation. However, it has been noticed that the price of import commodities in the US did not decrease according to the exchange rate changes. PTM represent the phenomenon of foreign firms maintaining or even increasing their export price when the currency of the importer country rises. (Krugman,1987) .PTM can also be understand as export firms set price of trading goods in local currency instead of adjust the price according to the exchange rate. The international evidence shows that the pricing to market behavior and exchange-rate pass through is often interpreted as consistent with local currency price stability. This kind of price discrimination behavior does not only affect the price of traded goods, but also influences various kinds of price rigidities. (Alexius and Vredin,1999) Pick and Cater(1994) explain that the reasons for PTM behaviors. Firms prefer to keep stable prices in foreign markets that have fluctuating exchange rates may exercise this preference by exerting market power. It may result from the demand elasticity: As the importing countrys currency appreciates, the import price falls and demand increases. However, when the exporter does not have the ability to adjust the raised demand for its goods, the extend of currency appreciation will not completely reflect in the price of trading commodities. In addition, there is also implication that shocks to national market conditions, such as exogenous changes in the exchange rate, can generate deviations between the prices that firms charge in each market. ( Bergin,2003) At last, PTM may simply because that exporting firm want to keep competitive: many firms in these countries are said to have followed pricing policies designed to keep export prices competitive despite changes in exchange rates.(Mars ton,1990) Literatures about PTM are generally based on models. In pricing to market modelsfrom the work of Betts and Devereux(1996), they adapt a model that firms produce different products to export to different countries, besides, firms can set different exporting prices for different destinations. They learn from the result of the model that the increase in the fluctuation of exchange rate arising from PTM may be very large by doing a simple quantitative exercise based on the estimated degree of PTM in international trade. That’s to say, when firms engage in PTM, when a country face with money shocks, the effects of this shocks are quite different compare with the traditional exchange rate models in which prices are set in the currency of the exporter. What’s more, PTM plays a central role in exchange rate determination and in international macroeconomic fluctuations. It acts to limit the pass-through from exchange rate changes to prices, and reduces the traditional ‘â⠂¬Ëœexpenditure switching’’ role o exchange rate changes. (Betts and Deuereux,2000) Implications of PTM for PPP A direct implication of the PTM hypothesis is the low pass-through from the exchange rate to prices, and the resultant failure of the relative PPP to hold in the short and intermediate-runs.(Aizenman,2004) PPP(purchasing power parity) is a conception widely used in international economy. The basic idea about PPP is when consumers purchase identical products in any market worldwide, the quantity of money should be the same when measured in one currency (Hallwood and MacDonald, 2000). Applied to aggregate price data, purchasing power parity is the hypothesis that the import prices that of one country to purchase another countrys goods should move one-for-one with the producer prices for goods in those countries that are the sources of those imports when all of these prices are expressed in a common currency. (Atkeson and Burstein,2008) When firms and producers applied PTM, many aspect of the country’s economy will different from the PPP holders. From the analysis of model in Betts and Deuereux(2000),the implications of PTM to PPP can be conclude as follows: The most obvious implication of PTM is the price volatility. Actually, if there is no price rigidity, the law-of one- price would be available for all kinds of products, and PPP would hold generally, even though there is still exist some extend of international market segmentation. However, if sticky local-currency prices hold, changes in the exchange rate will result in deviations from the law-of-one-price. While when complete PTM applied, the exchange rate will play a different role in the LOOP environment, relative prices of importer and exporters will not be affected by the fluctuation of exchange rate. but it has an impact on relative incomes. If export prices are set in foreign currency, when a depreciation happened in this currency. The home currency earnings of home firms will increase, at the same time, foreign firms’ foreign currency earnings will decrease at given production levels. Thus a depreciation generates a world redistribution of income towards the home coun try, which raises home consumption relative to foreign consumption. This occurs without the influence of relative price changes. (Betts and Deuereux,2000) PTM have a positive effect on promoting the real exchange rate movements: the larger of the PTM sector is, the lower effect of a money shock will the country get. Say a country faced with a money shock which will result in a depreciation of the currency, if PTM holds in a large sector, the impact on reallocation of spending away from domestic goods consumption towards foreign goods will be reduce to a large extend. The reason for this maybe the exchange rate is response to depreciation, however, this kind of currency price change would not affect the domestic market. PTM acts to limit the pass-through from exchange rate changes to prices, and reduces the traditional ‘‘expenditure switching’’ role of exchange rate changes. Nominal price stickiness associated with PTM magnifies the response of the exchange rate to shocks to fundamentals. (Betts and Deuereux,1996) The effect of monetary policies varies from cooperative firms and non-cooperative firms: at first, this need to be confirm that there is always a gain from coopperation, and secondly, that the gain reaches a maximum at the polar cases of no and full pricing to market since in these cases the movement in the terms of trade and thus the welfare spill-over is at a maximum in the non-cooperative setting. (Michaelis,2006) Empirical evidence of PTM As a common strategy of international firms, PTM behavior are widely used all over the world. By investigating data from those firms, we can get the empirical effect of pricing to market. Gil-Pareja(2002) investigated PTM behavior in European car markets during 1993 and 1998. He found that local currency price stability is a strong and pervasive phenomenon across products independent of the invoicing currency. In fact, there are large gaps among the automobile retail prices across EU Member States since the early 1980s, which is deviated from the law-of-one-price. (Gil-Paraja,2002) After analyze and compare the data of different EU countries, it can be easily conclude that the strategy tries to avoid the effect of changes in exchange rate changes is just in order to make the profits across segmented markets be maxime. Exporting firm will get the highest expected profits under exchange rate uncertainty by setting price of the importer’s currency. Since early 1980s, Japanese yen has experienced a depreciation. Marston(1990) has investigated pricing to market by Japanese firms from 1980 to 1987. He explores how Japanese firms responded to shifts in the real exchange rate by varying the prices of their exports relative to prices of products destined for the domestic market. The estimation distinguishes between inadvertent but temporary changes in these margins due to exchange rate surprises and planned changes associated with PTM behavior; He found there is overwhelming evidence that export-domestic price margins are systematically varied to help Japanese firms protect their competitive position. (Marston,1990) According to the exporter in UK, how is export pricing affected by other firm specific or contextual environmental variables such as export experience of the firm, degree of export development, type and intensity of market competition among others. The extend of PTM is based on variable of elements such as the industry le vel, the information and the like.( Tzokas et al.,2000) Conclusion: Pricing to market make the price of international trading goods free from the fluctuation of exchange rate, as a result, PPP no longer hold in those countries which applied PTM. Theories, as well as empirical evidence suggest that PTM has a strong implication of consumption and welfare distribution. It is a effective way for international co operations to avoid the negative influence of exchange rate fluctuation. But the extend of PTM is varias among different counties and industries. Reference Aizenman.J.  (2004) .â€Å"Endogenous  pricing  to  market  and 1inancing costs  Ã‚  Original Research Article†.Journal of Monetary Economics,  Volume 51, Issue 4,  PP 691-712 Alexius.A,  Vredin.A.(1999).â€Å"Pricing-to-Market in Swedish Exports†.The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Vol. 101, No. 2 pp. 223-239 Atkeson.A,  Burstein.A.(2008).â€Å"Pricing-to-Market, Trade Costs, and International Relative Prices†.The American Economic Review, Vol. 98, No. 5, pp. 1998-2031 Bergin. P. R, 1eenstra.R.C. (2001). â€Å"Pricing-to-market, staggered contracts, and real exchange rate persistence  Ã‚  Original Research Article†. Journal of International Economics,  Volume 54, Issue 2,  Ã‚  PP 333-359 Bergin. P. R.(2003).â€Å"A model of relative national price levels under  pricing  to  market  Ã‚  Original Research Article†. European Economic Review,  Volume 47, Issue 3, PP569-586 Betts.C, Devereux. M.B. (2000) .â€Å"Exchange rate dynamics in a model of  pricing-to-market  Ã‚  Original Research Article†.Journal of International Economics,  Volume 50, Issue 1,  Ã‚  PP 215-244 Betts.C, Devereux.M.B.  (1996) .â€Å"The exchange rate in a model of  pricing-to-market  Ã‚  Original Research Article†. European Economic Review,  Volume 40, Issues 3-5,  PP 1007-1021 Gil-Pareja.S. (2003).â€Å"Pricing  to  market  behaviour in European car  markets  Ã‚  Original Research Article†.European Economic Review,  Volume 47, Issue 6,  Ã‚  PP 945-962 Hallwood. P ,MacDonald. R. (2000) â€Å"International Money and Finance†, 3rd ed.Blackwell. Krugman, P. (1986), â€Å"Pricing to Markets when exchange rate changes†, In: Arndt, S.W., Richardson,J.D. (Eds.), Real-financial Linkages among Open Economies. MIT Press, Cambridge. Mark, N. (2001) â€Å"International Macroeconomics and Finance†, Blackwell. Marston. R. C. (1989) â€Å" Pricing to Market in Japanese Manufacturing†. Journal of International Economics, 29(3), PP 217-236. Michaelis. J.(2006). â€Å"Optimal monetary policy in the presence o1  pricing-to-market  Ã‚  Original Research Article†.Journal of Macroeconomics,  Volume 28, Issue 3,  Ã‚  PP 564-584 Patureau.L.(2007).â€Å"Pricing-to-market, limited participation and exchange rate dynamics  Ã‚  Original Research Article†.Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,  Volume 31, Issue 10,  Ã‚  PP 3281-3320 Pick. D H,   Carter. C A. (1994). â€Å"Pricing to Market with Transactions Denominated in a Common Currency†.American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 55-60 Sarno, L. Taylor, M.P. (2002), new open-economy of macroeconomics. In The economics of exchange rate, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Tzokas.N, Hart.S, Argouslidis.P ,Saren.M.  (2000), â€Å"Strategic  pricing  in export  markets: empirical evidence from the UK  Ã‚  Original Research Article†. International Business Review,  Volume 9, Issue f,  PP 95-117

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